Race to the Moon
Two coalitions: the US-led Artemis Accords, a set of principles for civil space exploration (74 signatories, the latest Croatia on 23 Sep 2026), and the China–Russia-led International Lunar Research Station. They are different kinds of agreement, so the counts are shown side by side, not compared as a score. 3 countries belong to both: Senegal, Serbia, Thailand.
Data reviewed against sources as of · All dates UTC unless a local time is shown
New signatories per year: 2020: 9 (total 9); 2021: 5 (total 14); 2022: 9 (total 23); 2023: 10 (total 33); 2024: 19 (total 52); 2025: 7 (total 59); 2026: 15 (total 74).
| # | Country | Signed |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Australia | |
| 2 | Canada | |
| 3 | Italy | |
| 4 | Japan | |
| 5 | Luxembourg | |
| 6 | United Arab Emirates | |
| 7 | United Kingdom | |
| 8 | United States | |
| 9 | Ukraine | |
| 10 | South Korea | |
| 11 | New Zealand | |
| 12 | Brazil | |
| 13 | Poland | |
| 14 | Mexico | |
| 15 | Israel | |
| 16 | Romania | |
| 17 | Bahrain | |
| 18 | Singapore | |
| 19 | Colombia | |
| 20 | France | |
| 21 | Saudi Arabia | |
| 22 | Nigeria | |
| 23 | Rwanda | |
| 24 | Czech Republic | |
| 25 | Spain | |
| 26 | Ecuador | |
| 27 | India | |
| 28 | Argentina | |
| 29 | Germany | |
| 30 | Iceland | |
| 31 | Netherlands | |
| 32 | Bulgaria | |
| 33 | Angola | |
| 34 | Belgium | |
| 35 | Greece | |
| 36 | Uruguay | |
| 37 | Switzerland | |
| 38 | Sweden | |
| 39 | Slovenia | |
| 40 | Lithuania | |
| 41 | Peru | |
| 42 | Slovakia | |
| 43 | Armenia | |
| 44 | Dominican Republic | |
| 45 | Estonia | |
| 46 | Cyprus | |
| 47 | Chile | |
| 48 | Denmark | |
| 49 | Panama | |
| 50 | Austria | |
| 51 | Thailand | |
| 52 | Liechtenstein | |
| 53 | Finland | |
| 54 | Bangladesh | |
| 55 | Norway | |
| 56 | Senegal | |
| 57 | Hungary | |
| 58 | Malaysia | |
| 59 | Philippines | |
| 60 | Portugal | |
| 61 | Oman | |
| 62 | Latvia | |
| 63 | Jordan | |
| 64 | Morocco | |
| 65 | Malta | |
| 66 | Ireland | |
| 67 | Paraguay | |
| 68 | Botswana | |
| 69 | Serbia | |
| 70 | Mauritius | |
| 71 | Türkiye | |
| 72 | Djibouti | |
| 73 | Albania | |
| 74 | Croatia |
Corrections against NASA’s list: Mexico 20 Dec 2021 (not 9 Dec 2021); India 21 Jun 2023 (not 22 Jun 2023).
Sources: NASA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA (updated 23 Sep 2026) · NASA (21 Sep 2026) · NASA (23 Sep 2026) · SpacePolicyOnline (17 Jul 2026)
| Partner | Joined | Notes and sources |
|---|---|---|
| China (CNSA)Founder | Memorandum with Russia on 9 Mar 2021; roadmap and Guide for Partnership 16 Jun 2021. Sources: China National Space Administration (9 Mar 2021) · China National Space Administration (16 Jun 2021) | |
| Russia (Roscosmos)Founder | Some lists give 16 Jun 2021 (the roadmap date); the memorandum was signed on 9 Mar 2021. Sources: China National Space Administration (9 Mar 2021) | |
| VenezuelaState | Date not confirmed UnconfirmedReported: 17 Jul 2023 | Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
| South AfricaState | Date not confirmed UnconfirmedReported: 1 Sep 2023 | SANSA’s own release is dated 8 Sep 2023 and gives no signing date. Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
| AzerbaijanState | Joint statement signed at the IAC in Baku. Sources: China National Space Administration (8 Oct 2023) | |
| Pakistan (SUPARCO)State | Date not confirmed UnconfirmedReported: 20 Oct 2023 | Announced by Xinhua/CNSA on 25 Oct 2023; the signing day is unconfirmed. Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) · China National Space Administration (Xinhua) (24 Apr 2025) |
| BelarusState | Date not confirmed UnconfirmedReported: 23 Oct 2023 | Joint statement with the National Academy of Sciences, announced 25 Oct 2023; the signing day is unconfirmed. Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
| EgyptState | CNSA–EgSA cooperation agreement signed in Beijing (Wikipedia’s table says 7 Dec). Sources: China National Space Administration (6 Dec 2023) | |
| ThailandState | Also an Artemis Accords signatory (16 Dec 2024). Sources: China National Space Administration (5 Apr 2024) | |
| NicaraguaState | Date not confirmed UnconfirmedReported: 24 Apr 2024 | Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
| SerbiaState | Date not confirmed UnconfirmedReported: 9 May 2024 | Also an Artemis Accords signatory (16 Jul 2026). Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) · SpacePolicyOnline (17 Jul 2026) |
| KazakhstanState | Date not confirmed UnconfirmedReported: 5 Jul 2024 | Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
| SenegalState | Also an Artemis Accords signatory (24 Jul 2025). Sources: gov.cn (Xinhua) (7 Sep 2024) · SpaceNews (Sep 2024) | |
| Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)OrganisationUnconfirmed | — | Listed on Wikipedia (Nov 2023); not confirmed as one of CNSA’s 17. Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
| International Lunar Observatory Association; Nano-SPACE (Switzerland)OrganisationUnconfirmed | — | Listed on Wikipedia (Jul 2023); non-state. Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
| University of Sharjah (UAE)InstitutionUnconfirmed | — | Listed on Wikipedia (Nov 2023). Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
| Kenya and Ethiopia (agency or organisation level)OrganisationUnconfirmed | — | A single secondary forum report from April 2024. Sources: Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) |
China’s Deep Space Exploration Laboratory signed memoranda with 10 institutions from countries including Serbia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Panama and South Africa. Indonesia and Panama appear through institutions, not governments.
Sources: gov.cn (Xinhua) (7 Sep 2024)
Türkiye applied to join the ILRS in April 2024 but never finalised; it signed the Artemis Accords on 31 Aug 2026. Unconfirmed The April 2024 ILRS application (Wikipedia only).
Sources: NASA (read 23 Sep 2026) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)
Counts: China National Space Administration (Xinhua) (24 Apr 2025) · Interfax (12 May 2025)