List of every Moon mission

Launched by the US Air Force.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Reached about 114,750 km (Siddiqi; an older NASA figure is 113,800 km) and fell back to Earth.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Fell back to Earth.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 4 Jan 1959: Passed the Moon (about 5,995 km, NSSDCA; 6,400 km, Siddiqi)

Firsts: First spacecraft to pass the Moon and to escape Earth’s gravity

Sources differ: Intended as an impactor. NSSDCA classes it as a flyby; Siddiqi credits the first flyby to Luna 3 because Luna 1 was a failed impactor.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 4 Mar 1959: Passed within about 60,000 km, too far for its sensor

Firsts: First US spacecraft to escape Earth

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 13 Sep 1959, 21:02 UTC (14 Sep 1959, 00:02 Moscow time): Impact

Firsts: First object to hit the Moon

Sources differ: Sources print the impact as 13 or 14 Sep: 21:02 UTC on 13 Sep was already 14 Sep in Moscow (00:02:24 Moscow time in the Soviet announcement). Our cited sources disagree on the time: Siddiqi prints "21:02:23 UT on 14 September", the NSSDCA record "23:02:23 UT" and the NSSDCA Soviet page "~07:30 UT".

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 6 Oct 1959, 14:16 UTC: Closest approach
• 7 Oct 1959, 03:30 UTC: First far-side images

Firsts: First images of the lunar far side

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Ranger test flight stranded in Earth orbit.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

Ranger test flight stranded in Earth orbit.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• 28 Jan 1962: Missed the Moon by about 36,800 km

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 26 Apr 1962, 12:49 UTC: Hit the far side; no data returned

Firsts: First US spacecraft to strike the Moon

Sources differ: NSSDCA lists it as an "Impact"; Siddiqi codes it a partial success.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Missed the Moon by 725 km.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 5 Apr 1963, 13:25 UTC: Missed; flew past at about 8,500 km

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 2 Feb 1964, 09:24 UTC: Impact; cameras failed

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 31 Jul 1964: Impact

Firsts: First US close-up images of the Moon

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 20 Feb 1965, 09:57 UTC: Impact

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Stranded in Earth orbit.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 24 Mar 1965, 14:08 UTC: Impact; images shown on live TV

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• about 12 May 1965, 19:10 UTC: Crashed

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 11 Jun 1965: Missed; passed at 161,000 km

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 20 Jul 1965: Flyby; far-side imagery

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 7 Oct 1965, 22:08 UTC: Crashed

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 6 Dec 1965, 21:51 UTC: Crashed

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 3 Feb 1966, 18:45 UTC: Landed

Firsts: First survivable landing on the Moon; First images from the lunar surface

Sources differ: Siddiqi lists Luna 9 as the "first survivable landing" and Surveyor 1 as the "first soft-landing"; NSSDCA credits the Soviet programme with the first soft landing. See the records ledger.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Stranded in Earth orbit.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 3 Apr 1966, 18:44 UTC: Entered lunar orbit

Firsts: First lunar orbiter

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 2 Jun 1966, 06:17 UTC: Landed

Firsts: First US soft landing ("first soft-landing" in Siddiqi’s ledger)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Did not reach lunar orbit. NSSDCA: it "failed to achieve lunar orbit but did achieve mission objectives".

Sources differ: Wikipedia lists a launch failure; NSSDCA and Siddiqi (code P) record a partial success.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 14 Aug 1966: Entered lunar orbit
• 23 Aug 1966: First image of Earth from lunar distance

Firsts: First US lunar orbiter

Sources differ: Wikipedia lists a partial failure; Siddiqi codes a success. NSSDCA notes about 75% of the intended mission because of image smearing.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 27 Aug 1966, 21:49 UTC: Entered lunar orbit

Its camera photographed only empty space. Siddiqi’s table codes the mission a success.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 22 Sep 1966, 09:35 UTC: Crashed

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 25 Oct 1966: Entered lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 10 Nov 1966: Entered lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 24 Dec 1966, 18:01 UTC: Landed

Firsts: First measurement of lunar soil properties (penetrometer)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 8 Feb 1967, 21:54 UTC: Entered lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 20 Apr 1967, 00:04 UTC: Landed

Visited by the Apollo 12 crew in November 1969.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 8 May 1967, 15:08 UTC: Entered polar lunar orbit

Firsts: First spacecraft in polar lunar orbit

Sources differ: The NSSDCA timeline prints 8 May, which is the orbit-insertion date; launch was 4 May.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

A lunar-orbiter test left stranded in high Earth orbit; Siddiqi codes it a partial success.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 17 Jul 1967, 02:02 UTC: Contact lost during descent

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 22 Jul 1967: Reached lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 5 Aug 1967: Entered lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 11 Sep 1967, 00:46 UTC: Landed

Firsts: First chemical analysis of lunar soil (alpha-scattering)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 10 Nov 1967, 01:01 UTC: Landed
• 17 Nov 1967, 10:32 UTC: Hopped on the surface

Firsts: First powered takeoff from the lunar surface

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 10 Jan 1968: Landed near Tycho

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 10 Apr 1968, 19:25 UTC: Entered lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 18 Sep 1968: Circled the Moon
• 21 Sep 1968, 16:08 UTC: Returned to Earth (tortoises survived)

Firsts: First spacecraft to fly around the Moon and return to Earth, carrying living organisms

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 14 Nov 1968: Lunar flyby
• 17 Nov 1968: Capsule crashed on return after cabin decompression

The flyby and guided skip re-entry worked; slow decompression then triggered the main parachute’s jettison at about 5.3 km.

Sources differ: Siddiqi codes it a success; Wikipedia records a spacecraft failure.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 24 Dec 1968: Entered lunar orbit

Firsts: First crewed lunar orbit (Borman, Lovell, Anders)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Test orbiter for the Soviet crewed-landing programme, on the N1 rocket.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 21 May 1969: Entered lunar orbit
• 22 May 1969: The lunar module descended to about 15.6 km above the surface

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Test orbiter for the Soviet crewed-landing programme, on the N1 rocket.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 17 Jul 1969, 10:00 UTC: Entered lunar orbit
• 21 Jul 1969, 15:50 UTC: Crashed while Apollo 11 was on the surface

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 20 Jul 1969, 20:17 UTC: Landed, Sea of Tranquility (Armstrong, Aldrin; Collins in orbit)
• 24 Jul 1969: Returned to Earth with the first lunar samples

Firsts: First crewed landing on the Moon; First sample return

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 11 Aug 1969: Lunar flyby
• 14 Aug 1969: Returned to Earth

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Stranded in Earth orbit.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Stranded in Earth orbit.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 19 Nov 1969: Landed, Ocean of Storms, beside Surveyor 3

Firsts: First pinpoint crewed landing

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 14 Apr 1970: Landing aborted; lunar flyby (14–15 Apr)

The crew was rescued. Set the human distance record (248,655 mi / 400,171 km) that stood until Artemis II.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · NASA (mission blog) (6 Apr 2026)

• 20 Sep 1970, 05:18 UTC: Landed
• 24 Sep 1970: Sample capsule returned

Firsts: First robotic sample return

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 24 Oct 1970: Lunar flyby
• 27 Oct 1970: Splashdown

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 17 Nov 1970, 03:46 UTC: Landed; Lunokhod 1 deployed

Firsts: First robotic rover on another world

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 5 Feb 1971: Landed, Fra Mauro

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 30 Jul 1971, 22:16 UTC: Landed, Hadley–Apennine

Firsts: First crewed rover (Lunar Roving Vehicle): unloaded and driven on the first moonwalk, 31 Jul 1971, 13:13–19:46 UTC (NSSDCA)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 7 Sep 1971: Entered lunar orbit
• 11 Sep 1971: Crashed

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 2 Oct 1971: Entered lunar orbit

A gyro fault left it in a higher orbit than planned; it operated for 13 months. Siddiqi codes it a partial success (and prints the orbit year as 1972, a typo).

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 21 Feb 1972: Landed
• 25 Feb 1972: Sample capsule returned

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 21 Apr 1972, 02:23 UTC (20 Apr 1972, 9:23 pm EST): Landed, Descartes Highlands

Sources differ: The NSSDCA index shows 20 April (US date); the landing was 21 April UTC.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Lunar orbiter for the Soviet crewed programme, on the N1 rocket.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 11 Dec 1972, 19:54 UTC: Landed, Taurus–Littrow
• 14 Dec 1972: Left the surface, the last crewed departure to date

Firsts: First scientist on the Moon (Harrison Schmitt)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 15 Jan 1973, 23:35 UTC: Landed; Lunokhod 2 deployed

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 15 Jun 1973: Entered lunar orbit (radio astronomy)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 2 Jun 1974: Entered lunar orbit

Sources differ: The NSSDCA timeline prints 2 June, the orbit date; launch was 29 May.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 2 Nov 1974: Entered lunar orbit
• 6 Nov 1974: Landed damaged; the drill could not operate

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 18 Aug 1976: Landed
• 22 Aug 1976: Sample capsule returned

The last Soviet lunar mission, and the last soft landing on the Moon until Chang’e 3 in 2013.

Sources differ: NSSDCA pages print 14 Aug, the lunar-orbit date; launch was 9 Aug. Landing time is 06:36 UT (Siddiqi) or 02:00 UT (NSSDCA).

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 18 Mar 1990, 19:37 UTC: Hagoromo released toward the Moon (its transmitter had failed on 21 Feb)
• 15 Feb 1992, 13:33 UTC: Hiten entered lunar orbit
• 10 Apr 1993: Impact

Firsts: First lunar mission by a country other than the US or USSR; Demonstrated aerobraking (first pass 19 Mar 1991)

Hiten itself worked; its Hagoromo sub-probe’s transmitter failed.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 19 Feb 1994: Entered lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 13 May 1998: Lunar flyby
• 6 Jun 1998: Second lunar flyby

Firsts: First commercial satellite to fly past the Moon (rescued from a bad transfer orbit)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 11 Jan 1998: Entered lunar orbit
• 31 Jul 1999, 09:52 UTC: Deliberate impact

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 15 Nov 2004: Lunar orbit (capture 13 Nov; first perilune 15 Nov)
• 3 Sep 2006, 05:42 UTC: Impact

Firsts: First European lunar mission; solar-electric propulsion

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 3 Oct 2007, 21:20 UTC (4 Oct 2007 JST): Entered lunar orbit
• 10 Jun 2009, 18:25 UTC: Impact

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 5 Nov 2007: Entered lunar orbit
• 1 Mar 2009, 08:13 UTC: Controlled impact

Firsts: China’s first lunar mission

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 8 Nov 2008: Entered lunar orbit
• 14 Nov 2008, 15:01 UTC: Moon Impact Probe hit the surface
• 28 Aug 2009, 20:00 UTC (29 Aug 2009 IST): Contact lost; mission ended early

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 23 Jun 2009, 11:27 UTC: Entered lunar orbit

Still operating; the imaging reference for every later landing.

Sources differ: The NSSDCA timeline prints 17 Jun 2009; launch was 18 Jun 2009, 21:32 UTC.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 9 Oct 2009, 11:31 UTC: Spent Centaur stage hit Cabeus crater; LCROSS flew through the plume and hit about four minutes later (11:36 UTC)

Confirmed water ice in a permanently shadowed crater.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 25 Aug 2010: P1 reached the Earth–Moon L2 point
• 22 Oct 2010: Reached the Earth–Moon L1 point
• 2011: Both moved into lunar orbits

Firsts: First spacecraft to orbit the Earth–Moon L2 point (the first relay there was Queqiao, 2018)

Launched earlier as THEMIS Earth-orbit probes and redirected to the Moon; our sources date the lunar phase, not the launch.

Sources: NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 6 Oct 2010: Entered lunar orbit
• 8 Jun 2011: Left lunar orbit for the Sun–Earth L2 point (8–9 Jun)
• 25 Aug 2011: Captured into orbit around the Sun–Earth L2 point
• 13 Dec 2012: Flew past asteroid Toutatis

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · China National Space Administration (22 Nov 2013)

• 31 Dec 2011: Entered lunar orbit (31 Dec and 1 Jan)
• 17 Dec 2012: Planned impact

Twin probes that mapped the Moon’s gravity.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 6 Oct 2013: Entered lunar orbit
• 18 Apr 2014: Impact

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018)

• 14 Dec 2013, 13:11 UTC: Landed, Mare Imbrium

Firsts: First soft landing on the Moon since Luna 24 (1976); China became the third nation to soft-land

The Yutu rover lost mobility during its second lunar day (2014) and operated until 2016.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA History Division (A. Siddiqi) (Sep 2018) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) · SpaceNews (14 Jan 2025)

• about 31 Oct 2014, 22:40 UTC (1 Nov 2014 BJT): Return capsule landed (skip re-entry at near lunar-return speed)

LuxSpace billed its 4M payload as the first privately funded mission to the Moon. It was not the first private hardware past the Moon: AsiaSat 3/HGS-1 flew by in 1998.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026)

• 25 May 2018: Longjiang-2 entered lunar orbit
• 14 Jun 2018: Queqiao entered its Earth–Moon L2 halo orbit

Firsts: First communications relay at the Earth–Moon L2 point

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 3 Jan 2019, 02:26 UTC: Landed in Von Kármán crater, far side

Firsts: First landing on the lunar far side

The lander continues science operations (Planetary Society). No official Yutu-2 status since 2024; NASA LRO images analysed by Phil Stooke suggest it has not moved since March 2024.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · The Planetary Society (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) · SpaceNews (14 Jan 2025)

• 4 Apr 2019, 14:18 UTC: Entered lunar orbit
• about 11 Apr 2019, 19:25 UTC: Crashed during descent

Firsts: First privately funded spacecraft to orbit the Moon

Sources: UPI (11 Apr 2019) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• 20 Aug 2019: Entered lunar orbit
• 6 Sep 2019: Vikram lost during descent and crashed (7 Sep IST)

The orbiter is still operating.

Sources differ: The NSSDCA timeline prints "Apr 2019"; NSSDCA’s own catalogue record gives 22 Jul 2019.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (Internet Archive copy) (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASASpaceflight (Sep 2019)

• 1 Dec 2020, 15:11 UTC (1 Dec 2020, 23:11 BJT): Landed near Mons Rümker, Oceanus Procellarum
• 5 Dec 2020, 21:42 UTC (6 Dec 2020, 05:42 BJT): Robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit
• 16 Dec 2020: Returned 1,731 g of samples (17 Dec BJT)

Firsts: First lunar sample return since 1976; First robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · China National Space Administration (19 Dec 2020) · Xinhua (22 Feb 2021) · China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) (6 Dec 2020)

• 14 Nov 2022, 00:39 UTC: Near-rectilinear halo orbit insertion burn completed (13 Nov US Eastern)

Firsts: First spacecraft in a near-rectilinear halo orbit

NASA’s activities on CAPSTONE concluded in June 2026; Advanced Space continues to use the spacecraft as a technology testbed.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA (Jul 2026)

• 16 Dec 2022: Entered lunar orbit
• Mar 2028: Planned guided impact

Firsts: South Korea’s first lunar mission

Operations extended through the end of 2027.

Sources: Korea AeroSpace Administration (11 Feb 2025) · Korea Herald (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• 21 Nov 2022: Lunar flyby
• 11 Dec 2022, 17:40 UTC (11 Dec 2022, 12:40 pm EST): Splashdown after 25 d 10 h 53 min

Firsts: First flight of SLS

Unexpected char loss on Orion’s heat shield led NASA to fly Artemis II on a modified entry profile.

Sources: NASA (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · NASA Office of Inspector General (IG-26-004) (10 Mar 2026)

• 22 Nov 2022: JAXA determined the landing could not be performed (JST)

Would have been the smallest lunar lander.

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• Nov 2022: Lunar flyby en route to Earth–Moon L2

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• Nov 2022: A partly stuck thruster valve kept it from firing to capture into lunar orbit; it flew past the Moon
• May 2023: Attempts to free the valve given up; operations ceased

Sources: NASA Science (blog) (3 Aug 2023) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• 21 Mar 2023: Entered lunar orbit
• about 25 Apr 2023, 16:40 UTC: Landing attempt failed (26 Apr JST)

Firsts: First private Japanese landing attempt; First Arab-built lunar rover (lost with the lander)

ispace (26 May 2023): the lander estimated its altitude as zero while it was about 5 km above the surface, ran out of propellant and is believed to have fallen; the most likely cause was that “the software did not perform as expected”.

Sources: ispace (26 May 2023) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• 12 May 2023: NASA ended the mission; it never reached lunar orbit

Sources: NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• 23 Aug 2023, 12:33 UTC: Landed at about 69.37°S in the south polar region

Firsts: First landing in the south polar region (as ISRO defines it); India became the fourth nation to soft-land

The Pragyan rover drove about 101 m.

Sources differ: "South polar region" has no agreed boundary; see the records ledger.

Sources: ISRO (read 24 Sep 2026) · IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (USGS) (19 Mar 2024) · ISRO (read 23 Sep 2026) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• 16 Aug 2023: Entered lunar orbit
• 19 Aug 2023, 11:57 UTC: Contact lost after a bad orbit-lowering burn; crashed

Firsts: First Russian lunar mission since 1976

Sources: Spaceflight Now (20 Aug 2023) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• about 19 Jan 2024, 15:20 UTC: Landed; came to rest on its nose (20 Jan 00:20 JST)
• 23 Aug 2024: Lunar operations concluded (JST)

Firsts: First "pinpoint" landing: position error of about 10 m or less before the obstacle-avoidance manoeuvre; Japan became the fifth nation to soft-land

Sources: JAXA (25 Jan 2024) · JAXA (26 Aug 2024)

• about 18 Jan 2024, 21:04 UTC: Propellant leak; controlled re-entry, never landed

First Vulcan flight. Its planned site was Sinus Viscositatis; it never attempted a landing.

Sources: NASA (19 Jan 2024) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026)

• 22 Feb 2024, 23:23 UTC: Landed near Malapert A in the south polar region and came to rest tilted

Firsts: First commercial soft landing; First US landing since 1972

NASA LRO: it came to rest at 80.13°S, 1.44°E, in a crater where the terrain slopes 12 degrees.

Sources: NASA (Feb 2024) · NASA APOD (24 Feb 2024) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 24 Mar 2024, 16:46 UTC (25 Mar 2024, 00:46 BJT): Began lunar orbit insertion; in lunar orbit about 19 minutes later

Tested links with Chang’e 4 on the far side (6 Apr 2024) and with Chang’e 6 while it was still on the ground (8–9 Apr); relayed for Chang’e 6 in June 2024; will relay for Chang’e 7 and 8 when they fly. Design life 8 years (CNSA’s Chang’e-6 deputy chief designer, as quoted).

Sources: China National Space Administration (25 Mar 2024) · China National Space Administration (12 Apr 2024) · Huaxi Metropolis Daily (quoting CNSA’s Wang Qiong) (21 Mar 2024) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 1 Jun 2024, 22:23 UTC: Landed in the Apollo basin, South Pole–Aitken basin, far side (2 Jun BJT)
• 3 Jun 2024: Ascent from the surface
• 25 Jun 2024: Returned 1,935.3 g of far-side samples

Firsts: First samples ever returned from the lunar far side

Sources: China National Space Administration (Xinhua) (28 Jun 2024) · The Planetary Society (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• 2 Mar 2025, 08:34 UTC: Landed near Mons Latreille, Mare Crisium (03:34 EST)

Firsts: First fully successful commercial lunar landing

All 10 NASA payloads operated. The mission ended on 16 Mar 2025 after 119 GB of data, including 51 GB of science and technology data (NASA). Firefly calls it "the first fully successful commercial Moon landing".

Sources: NASA (2 Mar 2025) · NASA (18 Mar 2025) · Firefly Aerospace (read 24 Sep 2026) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026)

• 6 May 2025: Entered lunar orbit
• 5 Jun 2025, 19:17 UTC: Hard landing in Mare Frigoris (6 Jun JST)

ispace (24 Jun 2025): the technical cause was “an anomaly in the LRF [laser range finder] hardware”; valid measurements came late and the lander could not slow down enough.

Sources: ispace (24 Jun 2025) · NASA NSSDCA (updated 10 Jul 2025)

• about 6 Mar 2025, 17:30 UTC (about 11:30 am CST): Touched down more than 400 m from its target near Mons Mouton and lay on its side
• 7 Mar 2025, 06:15 UTC: Mission ended (12:15 am CST)

Firsts: Southernmost landing to date: 84.79°S (LROC); NASA: "closer to the lunar South Pole than any previous lander"

NASA’s release body gives "more than 1,300 feet (400 meters)"; its photo caption says about 820 ft.

Sources: NASA (release 25-025) (7 Mar 2025) · LROC team (Arizona State University, NASA LRO) (Mar 2025) · NASA (updated 29 Apr 2025)

• 27 Feb 2025: Contact lost the day after launch (solar arrays not oriented to the Sun)
• 31 Jul 2025: Mission ended

Sources: NASA JPL (4 Aug 2025)

• 6 Apr 2026, 23:00 UTC (6 Apr 2026, 7:00 pm EDT): Lunar flyby: closest approach about 4,067 miles above the far side
• 6 Apr 2026, 23:02 UTC (6 Apr 2026, 7:02 pm EDT): New human distance record: 252,756 miles (406,771 km) from Earth
• 11 Apr 2026, 00:07 UTC (10 Apr 2026, 8:07 pm EDT): Splashdown off San Diego, 2.9 miles from target

Firsts: First crewed flight beyond low Earth orbit since 1972; Greatest distance from Earth ever reached by humans

Crew: Reid Wiseman (commander), Victor Glover (pilot), Christina Koch and Jeremy Hansen (CSA), in the Orion spacecraft named Integrity. SLS put Orion in a high Earth orbit; Orion’s own engine fired the trans-lunar injection. Heat-shield char loss was "significantly reduced": NASA’s post-flight analysis (15 Oct 2026) found "only nine spots of char loss of varying sizes" on the heat shield, "compared to 103 during Artemis I", and performance "in line with engineering predictions". NASA is investigating a urine vent-line issue.

Sources: NASA (20 Apr 2026) · NASA (15 Oct 2026) · NASA (mission blog) (6 Apr 2026) · NASA (mission blog) (10 Apr 2026) · NASA (mission blog) (1 Apr 2026) · NASA (read 24 Sep 2026) · Via Satellite (12 Apr 2026) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

• 19 Aug 2026: Stack rolled out to the pad on Long March 5 Y14
• 23 Aug 2026: Postponed out of this year’s window

Orbiter, lander, rover and a hopping probe for permanently shadowed craters; six international instruments. CMSA, 23 Aug 2026: "In line with the principle of being prudent, reliable and failure-proof, and after a comprehensive assessment, the Chang’e-7 mission does not meet launch conditions and cannot be carried out in this year’s planned window." No cause and no new date were given. Thailand’s NARIT (a payload partner) said the main driver "appeared to be" weather, specifically higher-altitude winds, and expects a 2027 window; a partner statement, not China’s.

Sources: China Manned Space Agency (CMSE site) (23 Aug 2026) · Xinhua (23 Aug 2026) · China Manned Space Agency (CMSE site) (19 Aug 2026) · gov.cn (Xinhua) (7 Sep 2024) · CNN (23 Aug 2026) · China in Space (31 Aug 2026)

Lander plus Astrolab’s FLIP rover for the Nobile crater region near Mons Mouton, near the south pole, 10 payloads in all; on 15 Sep 2026 NASA expected it to be the only lunar launch of 2026. Falcon Heavy per Spaceflight Now. Voyager Technologies completed its acquisition of Astrobotic on 13 Jul 2026.

Sources differ: NASA’s own pages name the site differently: its Griffin-1 event page says "the Nobile Crater at the lunar South Pole"; its CLPS deliveries page says Mons Mouton. The two are neighbours, so we say "the Nobile crater region near Mons Mouton".

Sources: NASA (20 Oct 2026) · Voyager Technologies (SEC filing) (2 Nov 2026) · The Space Review (26 Oct 2026) · Aerospace America (AIAA) (15 Sep 2026) · NASA (updated 14 Oct 2026) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026) · Voyager Technologies (13 Jul 2026) · Spaceflight Now (16 Jun 2026) · NASA (release 26-046) (26 May 2026)

Uncrewed cargo pathfinder (not the crew lander) for the Shackleton connecting ridge, carrying NASA’s SCALPSS cameras and a laser retroreflector. The slip followed the New Glenn explosion on its pad in May 2026.

Sources: Aerospace America (AIAA) (15 Sep 2026) · NASA (release 26-046) (26 May 2026) · Spaceflight Now (30 Jun 2026)

Reiner Gamma swirl (Lunar Vertex). NASA had said 2026 on 26 May 2026.

Sources: Aerospace America (AIAA) (15 Sep 2026) · NASA (release 26-046) (26 May 2026) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026)

Mons Mouton.

Sources: NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026) · NASA NSSDCA Master Catalog (read 23 Sep 2026)

VIPER was cancelled in July 2024 and conditionally revived on 19 Sep 2025. The base task order covers design and demonstration; NASA "will make the decision to exercise that option after the execution and review of the base task and of Blue Origin’s first flight of the Blue Moon MK1 lander", which has slipped to early 2027. On 20 Oct 2026 NASA said VIPER "will embark on a mission to the lunar South Pole region in 2027" and that the rover is "fully built and undergoing final testing"; no decision to exercise the option has been announced. $190M is the total potential value.

Sources: NASA (19 Sep 2025) · NASA (17 Jul 2024) · NASA (20 Oct 2026)

One satellite, Alpine, the first of ispace’s Lunar Connect constellation ("at least five satellites orbiting the Moon" planned) for communication and positioning. Argo Space carries it to lunar orbit on its water-powered Argonaut vehicle; the delivery contract was finalised on 17 Sep 2026.

Sources: ispace (17 Sep 2026) · ispace (27 Mar 2026)

Far-side lander. ESA’s Lunar Pathfinder relay and the UAE’s Rashid 2 rover ride with it, so their dates follow this mission.

Sources: Aerospace America (AIAA) (15 Sep 2026) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026) · Firefly Aerospace (22 May 2025) · Dubai Media Office (MBRSC) (3 Nov 2025)

Gruithuisen Domes; six NASA payloads ($179M).

Sources: NASA (18 Dec 2024) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026)

Astrobotic $297.9M for two, Firefly $144.2M, Intuitive Machines $148.3M. Common payloads: SCALPSS, a laser retroreflector and the LETS radiation spectrometer.

Sources: NASA (30 Jun 2026) · Via Satellite (30 Jun 2026)

Four drones to scout Artemis landing sites.

Sources: NASA (release 26-046) (26 May 2026)

Four crew; two descend near the lunar south pole. NASA: "Lander readiness will determine which provider will safely carry them to the surface": SpaceX Starship HLS or Blue Origin Blue Moon. SpaceX’s existing contract covered the former Artemis III and IV landings.

Sources: NASA (23 Oct 2026) · NASA (mission blog) (23 Oct 2026) · NASA (RELEASE 26-022) (27 Feb 2026) · NASA ESDMD (3 Mar 2026) · NASA (updated 16 Mar 2026) · U.S. GAO (GAO-26-108556) (23 Jul 2026) · NASA Office of Inspector General (IG-26-004) (10 Mar 2026)

NASA: "future missions about once per year thereafter". GAO (July 2026): the single remaining ICPS upper stage flies on Artemis IV, and Vulcan Centaur V upper stages on "subsequent missions". Before the February 2026 restructure it was assigned Blue Moon Mk2 with a launch "no later than March 2030" (OIG).

Sources: NASA ESDMD (3 Mar 2026) · U.S. GAO (GAO-26-108556) (23 Jul 2026) · NASA Office of Inspector General (IG-26-004) (10 Mar 2026)

Five modules on at least two LVM-3 launches, assembled in orbit.

Sources: Republic World (12 Dec 2025) · Business Standard (6 Feb 2025) · All India Radio News (5 Feb 2026)

South-polar volatiles: drilling and water-ice measurement. The ISRO chairman said in mid-March 2025 that approval had come "just three days back", and described a 250 kg rover built with Japan (IANS). Launch on JAXA’s H3-24L (ISRO: "The mission will be launched by JAXA onboard its H3-24L launch vehicle").

Sources: Republic World (12 Dec 2025) · All India Radio News (5 Feb 2026) · IANS (via NewKerala) (17 Mar 2025) · ISRO (15 May 2025)

Formerly Mission 4; METI SBIR funded. Launch contracted on an MHI H3 rocket (29 Jul 2026).

Sources: ispace (27 Mar 2026) · ispace (29 Jul 2026)

Sources: ESA (15 Oct 2024)

Polar orbiter and relay.

Sources: IKI RAS (read 3 Nov 2026) · Meduza (relaying Kommersant) (7 Apr 2026)

South pole region.

Sources: NASA (29 Jul 2025) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026)

Lander, rover and a multi-purpose robot for the Leibnitz-Beta Plateau near the south pole (CNSA); tests 3-D printing of bricks from regolith. Chang’e 7 and 8 are to be parts of the ILRS "basic model". SpaceNews reported on 10 Sep 2026 that CMSA, now in charge of lunar missions, "appears to be reconfiguring" the robotic landing programme; there is no official statement.

Sources: China National Space Administration (Xinhua) (24 Apr 2025) · gov.cn (Xinhua) (7 Sep 2024) · China National Space Administration (Xinhua) (24 Apr 2025) · Dawn (13 Aug 2026) · SpaceNews (Apr 2025) · SpaceNews (10 Sep 2026)

Formerly Mission 6; Space Strategy Fund.

Sources: ispace (27 Mar 2026)

Sources: IKI RAS (read 3 Nov 2026) · Interfax (11 Aug 2025) · Meduza (relaying Kommersant) (7 Apr 2026) · Wikipedia (read 23 Sep 2026, secondary)

Two Long March 10 launches; Mengzhou and the two-seat Lanyue lander meet in lunar orbit. Crew of three, two landing (Wang Xiang, 7th Manned Space Symposium, 31 Oct 2026, reported by Global Times; Mengzhou’s three seats to lunar orbit were in CMSA’s 2024 naming announcement). CMSA, 23 May 2026: go all out to achieve, "on schedule" (如期), the first Chinese landing before 2030. No launch sequence has been officially dated.

Sources: China Manned Space Agency (CMSE site) (23 May 2026) · China Manned Space Agency (CMSE site) (27 Feb 2026) · China Manned Space Agency (CMSE site) (14 Jun 2024) · SpaceNews (Jul 2023) · Global Times (Fan Wei), via Sina (31 Oct 2026) · CCTV.com (CMSA naming announcement) (24 Feb 2024)

Cargo lander for the south polar region; carries roughly 1,500 kg to the surface.

Sources: ESA (PR N°76–2025) (20 Nov 2025) · ESA (PR N°6–2025) (30 Jan 2025)

An orbital spacecraft (орбитальный аппарат), per a Russian Academy of Sciences presentation (Interfax and Kommersant via Meduza, Apr 2026).

Sources: Interfax (7 Apr 2026) · Meduza (relaying Kommersant) (7 Apr 2026)

The 1.8-ton national lander stays at 2032. On 3 Jul 2026 the National Space Committee approved moving a 700 kg public-private lander up by two years to 2030, on a Nuri rocket, as "a crucial stepping stone" toward it (KASA, as reported by Korea JoongAng Daily and SatNews). The 2030 lander has no row of its own yet: no KASA primary has been fetched.

Sources: Korea Herald (read 23 Sep 2026) · Korea JoongAng Daily (20 Jul 2026) · SatNews (16 Jul 2026)

The spacecraft carrying the rovers (Russian Academy of Sciences, Apr 2026).

Sources: Interfax (7 Apr 2026) · Meduza (relaying Kommersant) (7 Apr 2026)

Sources: Interfax (7 Apr 2026) · Meduza (relaying Kommersant) (7 Apr 2026)

A policy goal with no hardware schedule behind it.

Sources: Business Today (18 Oct 2023)

Awarded 24 Mar 2026 ($180.4M); targets Mons Malapert near the south pole; the first CLPS order to need the larger Nova-D lander. Intuitive Machines says seven payloads; NASA’s CLPS page lists six NASA payloads. No launch year has been given.

Sources: Intuitive Machines (24 Mar 2026) · NASA Science (updated 23 Oct 2026) · The Planetary Society (24 Mar 2026)

Schrödinger basin on the far side. Slipped from 2026 to 2027 (May 2025), then to 2030 after an engine-vendor change (ispace, 27 Mar 2026). On 15 Jul 2026 ispace announced that Draper “has mutually agreed with NASA to end” CLPS task order CP-12; ispace-U.S. plans to bid under the next CLPS framework instead.

Sources: ispace (15 Jul 2026) · ispace (27 Mar 2026) · ispace-U.S. (9 May 2025)

Was targeted for 2025. The March 2025 funding deadline was missed and the project suspended; an ISA–ASI letter of intent (January 2025) has produced no binding agreement.

Sources: Ynet (2 Apr 2025) · SpaceNews (12 Jul 2023)